Metatype

// metatype of a (class, struct, enum) type
SomeType.Type

// metatype of a protocol
SomeProtocol.Type

A metatype type refers to the type of any type, including class types, structure types, enumeration types, and protocol types.

The dynamic type (runtime type) returned from type(of:) is a concrete metatype (T.Type) for a class, struct, enum, or other nonprotocol type T, or an existential metatype (P.Type) for a protocol or protocol composition P. 👉 1️2️
When the static type (compile-time type) of the value passed to type(of:) is constrained to a class or protocol, you can use that metatype to access initializers or other static members of the class or protocol. 👉 1️3️

Use an initializer expression to construct an instance of a type from that type’s metatype value. 👉 3️4️
For class instances, the initializer that’s called must be marked with required or the entire class marked with final. 👉4️ (the compiler must make sure the initializer is implemented by every possible subtype of the type)

// base class
class A {
    class var className: String { "A" }    // ⭐️ static member
}

// subclass
class B: A {
    override class var className: String { "B" }
}

let obj: A = B()                // ⭐️ compile-time type: A

// ╭───────────╮ → ⭐️ runtime type as a value
   type(of: obj).className      // ⭐️ runtime type: B

                                    // parameter `value`
func printInfo(_ value: Any) {      // ⭐️ static : Any
    let t = type(of: value)         // ⭐️ dynamic: Int
    print("'\(value)' of type '\(t)'")
}
                            // constant `count`
let count: Int = 5          // static: Int, dynamic: Int (same)
printInfo(count)

👉 Vector2D

extension Vector2D {
    /// convert one conforming type to another type 
    /// with the **same vector field**.
    ///
    /// Example:
    /// ```
    /// let u = CGPoint(x: 1, y: 2)
    /// u.as(CGSize.self)     // ⭐️ `CGSize.self`: access type as a value
    /// ```
    
    // ⭐️                          ╭─1─╮  ╭─2──╮
    public func `as`<T:Vector2D>(_ typeT: T.Type) -> T 
        where T.Field == Self.Field 
    {
        //     ╭──────── 3 ─────────╮
        return typeT.init(x: x, y: y)
    }
}
// ⭐️ 1. parameter (type T as a value)
// ⭐️ 2. metatype of type T
// ⭐️ 3. initializer expresssion

// subclass of A
class C: A {
    let name: String
    required init(name: String) {    // ⭐️ marked with `required`
        self.name = name
    }
    override class var className: String { "C" }
}

//        ╭─1──╮   ╭─2──╮
let typeC: C.Type = C.self
// ⭐️ 1. metatype of type `C`
// ⭐️ 2. access type `C` as a value

// ⭐️ initializing from a metatype value must reference 'init' explicitly
//        ╭──────── 3 ─────────╮
let obj = typeC.init(name: "hi")    // type C's instance
// ⭐️ 3. initializer expresssion

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Last updated 2 years ago