🔰Key Path

重點

Keypaths allow you to refer to properties without invoking them – you hold a reference to the property itself, rather than reading its value.

Key paths 主要三種變體(還有其他)

• KeyPath: read-only access to a property.

• WritableKeyPath: readwrite access to a mutable property with value semantics (so the instance in question also needs to be mutable for writes to be allowed).

• ReferenceWritableKeyPath: can only be used with reference types, and provides readwrite access to any mutable property.

Keypaths in Swift have a few more types, which mostly revolve around type-erasure, like with Any. When you combine or allow multiple keypaths, for example in an array, you can use the PartialKeyPath and AnyKeyPath to construct types that fit multiple keypaths.

📗 參考

• How Swift keypaths let us write more natural code - Hacking with Swift

• Sundell - The power of key paths in Swift

• LearnAppMaking - Keypaths in Swift Explained

• KeyPath 在 Swift 中的妙用 - 程式前沿

• DEV - Keypaths in Swift

• AppVenture.me ⟩ Introduction to Swift Keypaths ⭐️

📘 手冊

• Swift Evolution ⟩

  • SE0161: Smart KeyPaths: Better Key-Value Coding for Swift

  • SE0249: Key Path Expressions as Functions

• Swift ⟩ Standard Library ⟩

  • Key-Path Expressions

    • PartialKeyPath

    • AnyKeyPath - type-erased key path, from any root type to any resulting value type.

    • KeyPath

    • WritableKeyPath

    • ReferenceWritableKeyPath

定義

// declarations: inheritance chain
class AnyKeyPath
class PartialKeyPath<Root> : AnyKeyPath
class KeyPath<Root, Value> : PartialKeyPath<Root>
class WritableKeyPath<Root, Value> : KeyPath<Root, Value>
class ReferenceWritableKeyPath<Root, Value> : WritableKeyPath<Root, Value>

👥 相關

• Key Path Expressions as Functions

• Sorting Swift collections - Sundell ⭐️

• sort using key paths

• seq.sorted(_:)

⬇️ 應用

• operator (~=) - pattern matching using keypath

Examples

id key

👉 replit

// ⭐ 下面兩種型別雖然都有「可以當作 ID」的屬性，但屬性名稱不一樣。

struct Person {
    // social security number
    var ssn: String         // ⭐ id key for `Person`
    var name: String
}

struct Book {
    var isbn: String        // ⭐ id key for `Book`
    var title: String
}

/* -------- HasID protocol -------- */

// ⭐ 用 `HasID` 協定來統一規範這種有「ID 屬性」的類別。
// ⭐ 這種做法的好處是：「ID 屬性」不需要真的叫 `id`，叫其他名稱也可以。
protocol HasID {
    // ⭐ 2. 用 `IDType` 來稱呼此「ID 屬性」的類別
    associatedtype IDType
    // ⭐ 1. 用 keypath 來指定哪個屬性是「ID 屬性」
    static var idKey: WritableKeyPath<Self, IDType> { get }
}

/* -------- protocol extension (default behaviors) -------- */

extension HasID {
    func printID(){
        print(self[keyPath: Self.idKey])
    }
}

/* -------- protocol conformances -------- */

extension Person: HasID {
    static let idKey = \Person.ssn  // ⭐ WritableKeyPath<Person, String>
}

extension Book: HasID {
    static let idKey = \Book.isbn   // ⭐ WritableKeyPath<Book, String>
}

/* -------- main -------- */

let taylor = Person(ssn: "555-55-5555", name: "Taylor Swift")
let book = Book(isbn: "1234-5678", title: "Snow White")

taylor.printID()    // 555-55-5555
book.printID()      // 1234-5678

print(type(of: Person.idKey))       // WritableKeyPath<Person, String>
print(type(of: Book.idKey))         // WritableKeyPath<Book, String>

append

// User
struct User {
    var fullName: String
    var email: String?
    var age: Int
}

let user = User(fullName: "Mike", age: 16)

let fullNamePath = \User.fullName      // ⭐️ KeyPath<User, String>
user[keyPath: fullNamePath]            // get: user.fullName
user[keyPath: fullNamePath] = "John"   // set: user.fullName

// appending key paths: ╭─ key path ─╮ ╭─────╮
let fullNameEmptyPath = \User.fullName.isEmpty  // ⭐️ KeyPath<User, Bool>
user[keyPath: fullNameEmptyPath]       // user.fullName.isEmpty

let isEmptyPath = \String.isEmpty

// ⭐️ appending key path
let fullNameIsEmpty = fullNamePath.appending(path: isEmptyPath)
user[keyPath: fullNameIsEmpty] // user.fullName.isEmpty

type-erase/cast

var user = User(username: "Hello")

// ⭐️ type-erase to `AnyKeyPath`
let keyPath: AnyKeyPath = \User.username   // ⭐️ read-only

/* -------- ⭐️ type-cast -------- */

// ⭐️ if let ... as? ...
if let writableUsername = keyPath as? WritableKeyPath<User, String> {
   user[keyPath: writableUsername] = "World"    // ⭐️ read-write
}

// ⭐️ case let ... as ...
switch keyPath {
    case let a as KeyPath<User, String>: print(user[keyPath: a])
    case let a as KeyPath<User, Int>   : print(user[keyPath: a])
    default: print("Unknown keypath type")
}